Participle clauses
Participle clauses
Walking down the street, I saw… Having finished, she left. Not knowing what to do, he called. Participle clauses — elegant C1 style.
-ing participle clause
👉 Same time or reason — subject stays the same:
Walking down the street, I saw a friend. (= While I was walking)
Feeling tired, she went to bed. (= Because she felt tired)
Not knowing what to do, he called me. (= Because he didn’t know)
❌ Walking down the street, the sun was shining. — dangling! The clause subject must match the main clause subject.
having + past participle
👉 An action completed before the main one:
Having finished her work, she went home. (= After she had finished)
Having lived in Spain, he speaks good Spanish. (= Because he had lived)
Having been told twice, he finally remembered. (passive)
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